Settlements > Sounion

Sounion

Sounion, also known as Cape Sounion, is a promontory located about 70 kilometers southeast of Athens, Greece. It is famous for its stunning views of the Aegean Sea and its significant archaeological site, which includes the Temple of Poseidon and the Temple of Athena. The site has a rich history and is an important part of ancient Greek heritage.

Key Features of Sounion:

1. Historical Context:

   • Strategic Location: Cape Sounion was strategically important in antiquity because it guarded the sea routes to Athens and the nearby silver mines at Laurium, which were crucial for the city's wealth.
   • Mythological Significance: According to Greek mythology, Sounion is where Aegeus, the king of Athens, leapt to his death into the sea, believing that his son Theseus had died in Crete. The sea was named the Aegean in his honor.

2. Temple of Poseidon:

   • Construction: The Temple of Poseidon was built in the mid-5th century BCE, around 444-440 BCE, during the Golden Age of Athens under Pericles.
   • Architecture: The temple is a peripteral structure, featuring a rectangular floor plan with a colonnade of six columns on the east and west sides and thirteen columns on the north and south sides. The columns are of the Doric order.
   • Materials: The temple was constructed using local marble from Agrileza.
   • Inscriptions: The temple features an inscription that includes the name of its patron deity, Poseidon. Additionally, a famous graffiti by the English poet Lord Byron, who visited the site in the early 19th century, can be found on one of the columns.
   • Restoration: The temple has undergone several restorations, the most significant of which took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, preserving its iconic structure.

3. Temple of Athena:

   • Remains: The ruins of a smaller temple dedicated to Athena are located nearby. This temple, built in the 6th century BCE, reflects the importance of Athena in the region.
   • Significance: The proximity of the temples dedicated to Poseidon and Athena highlights the religious significance of the site and the importance of these deities to the ancient Athenians.

4. Archaeological Discoveries:

   • Excavations: Archaeological excavations at Sounion have revealed a wealth of artifacts, including pottery, inscriptions, and sculptures. These finds provide valuable insights into the religious practices and daily life of ancient Greeks.
   • Fortifications: The site also includes remains of ancient fortifications, indicating its strategic military importance. These walls were built to protect the area from invasions and to control access to the valuable silver mines at Laurium.

5. Cultural and Historical Significance:

   • Maritime Worship: The Temple of Poseidon at Sounion was a major center for the worship of Poseidon, the god of the sea. Sailors and fishermen would offer sacrifices and prayers to Poseidon for safe voyages and bountiful catches.
   • Athenian Wealth: The site underscores the wealth and power of ancient Athens, derived in part from its control over maritime routes and natural resources.

6. Modern Significance:

   • Tourism: Today, Sounion is a popular tourist destination, known for its breathtaking views of the Aegean Sea, especially at sunset. The site attracts visitors interested in its historical and mythological significance.
   • Cultural Inspiration: The dramatic setting and historical importance of Sounion have inspired numerous artists, writers, and poets throughout the centuries.

Visiting Sounion:

1. Access: Sounion is easily accessible from Athens by car, bus, or organized tours. The scenic drive along the coast offers beautiful views of the Saronic Gulf.
2. Temple of Poseidon: Visitors can explore the remains of the Temple of Poseidon, walk among its columns, and enjoy panoramic views of the Aegean Sea.
3. Temple of Athena: Although less prominent, the nearby ruins of the Temple of Athena are also worth visiting for those interested in ancient Greek history and architecture.
4. Museum Exhibits: Artifacts discovered at the site are displayed in various museums, including the National Archaeological Museum in Athens, providing additional context and insights into the history of Sounion.

Conclusion:

Cape Sounion is a site of great historical, cultural, and mythological significance. The Temple of Poseidon, with its impressive Doric columns and stunning seaside location, stands as a testament to the architectural and religious achievements of ancient Greece. The nearby ruins of the Temple of Athena and the fortifications highlight the strategic importance of the area. Today, Sounion remains a cherished destination for tourists and scholars alike, offering a unique blend of natural beauty and historical depth.

Sources

Athens National Archaeological Museum, items NM 2720 and NM 3344.

Lord Byron, Don Juan, 1818–1819.

W. Burkert, Greek Religion (1987).

Herodotus, Histories, Volumes VI & VIII, "The History of Herodotus" (translated), 440 BC.

Homer, Odyssey, Volume III & IX.

Ovid, Metamorphoses, 2–8 AD.

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, article "Sunium", 1911.