Greek Ideology > Eurystheus

Eurystheus

Background

Eurystheus is a significant figure in Greek mythology, primarily known for his role in the Twelve Labors of Heracles. As the king of Mycenae, he played a crucial part in the stories surrounding Heracles' penance and heroics. Here are the key aspects of Eurystheus:

Background and Lineage

1. Parentage:

   • Eurystheus was the son of Sthenelus, the king of Mycenae, and Nicippe (also known as Antibia or Archippe), a descendant of Perseus.
   • His lineage made him a cousin of Heracles, as both were great-grandsons of Perseus.

2. Birth and the Oracle:

   • According to the myth, Zeus had proclaimed that a descendant of Perseus would be born who would rule over Mycenae and the surrounding lands. Hera, seeking to undermine Heracles, accelerated the birth of Eurystheus and delayed the birth of Heracles.
   • As a result, Eurystheus was born first and became the king, while Heracles was destined to serve him.

Kingship and the Twelve Labors

1. King of Mycenae:

   • Eurystheus ruled over Mycenae, Tiryns, and Argos. His rule is characterized by his fear and jealousy of Heracles, whom he saw as a threat to his power.

2. The Twelve Labors:

   • Punishment and Penance: As part of his punishment for killing his wife and children in a fit of madness induced by Hera, Heracles was required to serve Eurystheus and complete twelve seemingly impossible labors.
   • Labors Assigned: Eurystheus assigned these labors to Heracles, hoping they would result in his death. The labors included slaying the Nemean Lion, capturing the Golden Hind of Artemis, and obtaining the girdle of Hippolyta, among others.
   • Humiliation and Fear: Despite his attempts to humiliate and endanger Heracles, Eurystheus became increasingly fearful as Heracles succeeded in each task. In some accounts, Eurystheus would hide in a large bronze jar whenever Heracles returned with proof of his accomplishments.

Death and Legacy

1. Posthumous Hatred:

   • Even after Heracles' death, Eurystheus's hatred for Heracles continued. He pursued and persecuted Heracles' descendants, known as the Heracleidae.

2. Battle with the Heracleidae:

   • Eurystheus waged war against the Heracleidae, who sought refuge in various cities. Eventually, he was defeated and killed by the Heracleidae. In some versions, his death is attributed to Heracles' son, Hyllus, or Iolaus, Heracles' nephew and charioteer.

Characteristics and Depictions

1. Cowardice and Jealousy:

   • Eurystheus is often depicted as a cowardly and jealous ruler, in stark contrast to the bravery and strength of Heracles.
   • His character serves to highlight the heroism of Heracles by providing a petty and vindictive antagonist.

2. Role in Mythology:

   • Eurystheus’s role is primarily that of a foil to Heracles. His actions and decisions drive the narrative of the Twelve Labors, showcasing Heracles' perseverance, strength, and ingenuity.

Cultural Impact

1. Literary References:

   • Eurystheus appears in various works of ancient literature, including the writings of Homer, Hesiod, and Pindar, as well as in later Roman works.

2. Symbol of Adversity:

   • In many ways, Eurystheus symbolizes the adversity and challenges that heroes must overcome. His presence in the myth of Heracles underscores the themes of struggle, perseverance, and triumph.

Summary

Eurystheus is a pivotal character in Greek mythology, best known for his role in assigning the Twelve Labors to Heracles. As the king of Mycenae, his jealousy and fear of Heracles drive much of the narrative surrounding the hero's feats. Eurystheus's cowardice and pettiness contrast sharply with Heracles' bravery and strength, making him an essential figure in the stories that celebrate Heracles' heroism. Despite his efforts to thwart Heracles, Eurystheus ultimately meets his downfall, further cementing the hero's legacy.

Sources

Greek Ideology