Greek Geography > Megaris

Megaris

Background

Megaris is a historical region in ancient Greece, located in the northeastern part of the Peloponnesian peninsula. It was strategically important due to its location between the larger and more powerful regions of Attica (to the east) and the Peloponnese (to the west). The region is named after its principal city, Megara, which played a notable role in Greek history, particularly in the Archaic and Classical periods.

Key Features of Megaris:

1. Geographical Context:

   • Location: Megaris is situated on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow land bridge connecting the Peloponnese to mainland Greece. It is bordered by Attica to the east, Corinthia to the west, and the Saronic Gulf to the south.
   • Terrain: The region features a mix of coastal plains, hills, and mountains. The fertile plains were suitable for agriculture, while the coastal areas facilitated trade and maritime activities.

2. Historical Significance:

   • Early Inhabitants: Megaris has been inhabited since prehistoric times. The region's early history includes influences from various Greek tribes and neighboring regions.
   • Mycenaean Influence: During the Mycenaean period (circa 1600-1100 BCE), Megaris was part of the broader Mycenaean civilization, although it was less prominent compared to major Mycenaean centers like Mycenae and Tiryns.

3. Political and Military History:

   • City-State of Megara: Megara was an important city-state in ancient Greece. Its strategic location on the Isthmus of Corinth made it a valuable ally and target in various conflicts. Megara's political structure included a democratic assembly, similar to other Greek city-states.
   • Colonization: Megara was known for its active role in Greek colonization during the Archaic period. Megarian colonists founded several important cities, including Byzantium (modern Istanbul) and Chalcedon (modern Kadıköy) on the Bosporus, as well as Megara Hyblaea in Sicily.
   • Peloponnesian War: During the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE), Megara initially sided with Sparta against Athens. The Megarian Decree, an Athenian economic sanction against Megara, is often cited as one of the causes of the war.

4. Economic Activities:

   • Agriculture: The fertile plains of Megaris supported agriculture, including the cultivation of grains, olives, and grapes. The region's agricultural productivity contributed to its economic stability.
   • Trade and Maritime Activities: Megara's coastal location facilitated trade with other Greek regions and the wider Mediterranean. The city's ports and harbors were important centers of commerce and maritime activities.

5. Cultural Contributions:

   • Philosophy and Literature: Megara was home to the Megarian school of philosophy, founded by Euclides of Megara, a student of Socrates. The Megarian school focused on logic and dialectic methods, contributing to the broader philosophical discourse in ancient Greece.
   • Art and Architecture: The region contributed to Greek art and architecture, with several notable archaeological sites and remains. Megara's public buildings, temples, and sculptures reflect its cultural heritage.

6. Mythology and Religion:

   • Mythological Significance: Megaris appears in various Greek myths and legends. According to mythology, the region was associated with several heroes and deities, including the hero Alcathous, who was said to have fortified the city of Megara.
   • Sanctuaries and Temples: Megara was home to several important religious sanctuaries and temples dedicated to Greek gods and goddesses. These sites were centers of worship and pilgrimage.

7. Archaeological Significance:

   • Ancient Ruins: The archaeological site of Megara includes the remains of ancient fortifications, public buildings, and residential areas. These findings provide insights into the region's urban development, architecture, and daily life.
   • Sanctuaries and Temples: The region's religious sites, including temples and altars, offer valuable information about the religious practices and beliefs of the ancient Megarians.

8. Roman and Byzantine Periods:

   • Roman Influence: Megaris came under Roman control in the 2nd century BCE, like much of Greece. The region continued to be an important center for trade and administration during the Roman period.
   • Byzantine Era: In the Byzantine period, Megaris remained significant, with

Sources

Greek Geography