People > Dion of Syracuse

Dion of Syracuse

Background

Dion of Syracuse (c. 408 – 354 BCE) was a prominent Greek statesman, philosopher, and military leader. He is best known for his efforts to reform the political system of Syracuse and his complex relationship with the tyrants of Syracuse, particularly Dionysius I and Dionysius II. His life and actions were significantly influenced by his association with the philosopher Plato.

Early Life and Background:

• Noble Family: Dion was born into a noble and wealthy family in Syracuse, one of the most powerful Greek city-states in Sicily. His family was closely connected to the ruling dynasty.
• Association with Plato: Dion became a close friend and follower of the philosopher Plato. He was deeply influenced by Plato's ideas on politics, ethics, and governance, which shaped his vision for Syracuse.

Relationship with the Tyrants:

1. Dionysius I:

   • Advisor: Dion served as an advisor to Dionysius I, the tyrant of Syracuse, who ruled with an iron fist. Despite the tyrant's harsh methods, Dion maintained a position of influence at court.
   • Plato's Visit: Dion facilitated Plato's visit to Syracuse, hoping that the philosopher's teachings could inspire Dionysius I to adopt more just and philosophical principles of governance. However, the visit was ultimately unsuccessful in changing Dionysius's ways.

2. Dionysius II:

   • Regency and Influence: After the death of Dionysius I, his son, Dionysius II, ascended to the throne. Initially, Dion held significant influence over the young ruler and attempted to educate him in Platonic philosophy and governance.
   • Exile: Dion's push for reforms and his growing influence alarmed other members of the court. This led to his exile by Dionysius II, who began to feel threatened by Dion's power and popularity.

Return to Syracuse and Revolt:

1. Return from Exile:

   • Preparation and Support: While in exile, Dion gathered support from various Greek city-states and assembled a small mercenary force. He remained determined to overthrow the tyranny and implement his vision for a just government in Syracuse.
   • Philosophical Mission: Dion's return was not just a military campaign but also a philosophical mission inspired by Plato's teachings. He aimed to liberate Syracuse from tyranny and establish a government based on justice and virtue.

2. Overthrow of Dionysius II:

   • Successful Revolt: In 357 BCE, Dion returned to Syracuse with his forces and successfully led a revolt against Dionysius II. His return was initially welcomed by the people, who hoped for a more just and stable government.
   • Temporary Rule: Dion managed to overthrow Dionysius II and took control of Syracuse. He attempted to implement reforms and establish a new political order based on Platonic ideals.

Downfall and Assassination:

1. Challenges and Opposition:

   • Internal Conflicts: Despite his initial success, Dion faced significant challenges in maintaining control and implementing his reforms. Internal conflicts and resistance from various factions within Syracuse undermined his efforts.
   • Loss of Support: Over time, Dion's rule became increasingly authoritarian as he struggled to consolidate power and deal with opposition. This led to a loss of support among the populace and his allies.

2. Assassination:

   • Conspiracy: In 354 BCE, Dion was assassinated by his political opponents, led by his former friend and ally, Callippus. The conspiracy against him was driven by the growing dissatisfaction with his rule and the perception that he had failed to deliver on his promises of reform.

Legacy:

1. Philosophical Impact:

   • Platonic Influence: Dion's life and actions were deeply influenced by Platonic philosophy. His attempt to apply Plato's teachings to practical governance remains a significant episode in the history of political thought.
   • Plato's Letters: Plato's letters, particularly the Seventh Letter, provide insights into Dion's character and the philosophical motivations behind his actions.

2. Historical Significance:

   • Struggle for Justice: Dion's efforts to overthrow tyranny and establish a just government in Syracuse highlight the enduring struggle for political reform and justice in ancient Greece.
   • Complex Legacy: Dion's legacy is complex, marked by his initial idealism and ultimate failure to achieve lasting change. His life serves as a cautionary tale about the challenges of implementing philosophical ideals in practical politics.

Dion of Syracuse is remembered as a significant, though ultimately tragic, figure in ancient Greek history. His life reflects the complexities of political power, the influence of philosophical ideas, and the challenges of achieving lasting political reform.

Sources

Plutarch, Lives: Life of Dion.

Roebuck, R (1987). Cornelius Nepos - Three Lives - Alcibiades, Dion and Attacus. Bell and Hyman. pp. 8, 27, 30. ISBN 978-0865162075.

Bury, John Bagnell (1900). The History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great. Modern Library. pp. 669–672.

Bruno Currie, Pindar and the Cult of Heroes, Oxford UP, 2005, p. 180, ISBN 0-19-927724-9

Duncan Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, Brill, 1987, p. 4, ISBN 90-04-12539-6

1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Dion. Lives by Plutarch and Cornelius Nepos (cf. Diod. Sic. xvi. 6-20)